Ice on the Moon

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Using that particular set of guidelines LEO would be considered that low-radiation domain a couple hundred miles up where platforms can go in circles for years before being dragged down by what is left of the atmosphere at that altitude. Around a hundred miles up is where Apollo would do an orbit before going to the Moon.

Between LEO and GEO is broadly “Earth Orbit” and it is GEO where “Human Space Flight” (HSF)- or dipping below that 22,000 mile high domain- would be “Beyond Low Earth Orbit” (BLEO) or HSF-BLEO.

Cislunar space is “Beyond Earth Orbit” or BEO. So Human Space Flight in the vicinity of the Earth and Moon is HSF-BEO. And it follows that leaving our “Cislunar Sea” for the outer solar system, or “outer space”, would be “Beyond Earth and Lunar Orbit” or BELO.

Besides 1) Earth Orbit and the classifications of 2) LEO, 3) GEO, 4) BLEO, 5) BEO, and 6) BELO, there are the frozen lunar orbits, or, “Low Lunar Orbit” (LLO). In addition there is “Near-Rectilinear Halo Orbit” (NRHO) proposed for the Gateway. And there are also various Lunar Cycler orbits that go around the Earth and the Moon. That might eventually be called…”Earth Moon Cycler Orbit” (EMCO).

4 billion a year for research on Earth and we would have a cure for old age, or at least a way to freeze people without damage till they could be cured. Criminal to pour those billions into that hole in orbit. Nothing of consequence has come back down in close to half a century of LEO platforms. They are an incredible waste.

They should put an escape tower on top and use this stripped model for crew dragon instead of that draco-bomb which never should have been allowed to carry people. When it blew up the first time the great one should have learned his lesson and went with an escape tower instead of going cheap on crew safety.
There is no cheap.

Starliner does not have a very good escape system either but it is marginally better than the Crew Dragon because it is a little farther from the crew and can at least be jettisoned.

And that…tells anyone anything they want to know about the outgoing administration. Goodbye and good riddance to all of them. Except for Bridenstine, who is the only one that should stay. I wish he would reconsider:

“The major sticking point in agreeing to a final bill for the past several months has been language in both the House and Senate versions that requires DOD to rename military installations that honor Confederate soldiers. President Trump vowed to veto the bill if any such language was included, but the Senate version remains. It gives DOD three years to implement the binding recommendations of a commission that will be established to look into the matter. The House bill required the renaming to be done in one year.”

“The Kármán line is an attempt to define a boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space.[2]”

“Other organizations do not use this definition. For instance, the US Air Force and NASA define the limit to be 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.[3] There is no international law defining the edge of space, and therefore the limit of national airspace.[3]”

Can’t even orbit at 50 miles. “Actually”, as usual, you are making stuff up.

As I stated, calling LEO “space” is a marketing ploy, and is not accurate.

Report concludes former Spaceport America director violated state law

“Entrepreneurs” attract corruption and criminality while state sponsored projects generally deliver without that if they have oversight committees doing their jobs. The best example being the draconian oversight imposed by NASA on contractors after the Apollo 1 fire. That was actually the death of the space age before it even began as Aerospace concerns realized Human Space Flight Beyond Earth Orbit (HSF-BEO) was going to be hard money. They chose the easy money of cold war weapons. I have seen comments to that effect for years and I completely agree with them. Choosing to make spaceships instead of submarines carrying enough warheads to incinerate millions of human beings is something corporations and “entrepreneurs” will never do. We have to do it with letters and votes. Mothers against drunk drivers changed an entire culture and we just voted a super-cult leader out of office so there is no excuse.
A Green New Space Deal is the hope of humankind.

China pushes ahead with super-heavy-lift Long March 9

Compared to military programs it is not throwing much away- just expending hardware that would require a great deal more money to reuse for small savings and a sacrifice in payload. It is simply an aluminum can vs a glass bottle choice. That has always been the argument that NewSpace proponents refuse to acknowledge. I recently commented on the Shuttle expending one component of the Space Transportation System, the external tank, as the necessary sacrifice to the rocket equation. Because of other design decisions this of course did not work out- but it was the best feature of the STS.
So with that in mind it is not hard to see why the shiny starship is not exciting me.

(Reply to Ron) You accuse me of being “strange” and “swayed by emotion” with zero evidence- which, as you also accuse others of, is pushing an “unsubstantiated rumor.”

“SpaceX has shown that reusability can be done, and that it is economically beneficial.”

Actually, the Shuttle showed that reusability could be done first in 1981 with spacex doing it over 30 years later- not that great an accomplishment. And spacex has yet to reveal exactly how “beneficial” their reuse has been. The falcon expends the upperstage engine while the Shuttle only expended a tank. The Shuttle was a Saturn V class vehicle (that wasted much of it’s payload on the Orbiter) that in a cargo version would have lifted much more than the FH.

It seems to me you have the strange emotions concerning a private profit-driven company as a “game-changer for humanity.” And you should not cred-brag about your “background” here. I could do the same but I try not to. Hope you had a good thanksgiving Ron.

(Reply to Ron) “Humanity” cannot afford to trust the future to “entrepreneurs” who don’t think a lethal virus should stop factory workers from risking their lives for the bottom line. See how that works?

And it is pretty obvious what you are dragging into this conversation. Toxic borderline insults again Ron?

Try and improve. Things need to get better.

The Chinese are on the way to having their own Saturn V and it seems many people commenting here are not taking that very seriously. The SpaceX promotion on this forum frequently devolves into half-truth and blandishment. It really needs to be called out so as to discourage this becoming a cult of wishful thinking. Probably too late for that.

“No, the Shuttle was “refurbish-able”, not reusable.”

Not according to everybody else.

“For the Falcon 9 1st stage all they do is clean and inspect.”

What about the second stage?

“Even the low costs of the partially reusable Falcon 9/H are not yet low enough, which is why the fully reusable Starship is so important.”

Demanding everything be dirt cheap is not going to expand humankind into space. The opposite is true and the proof of that is the truth about the next comment:

“We built the 450mT ISS out of components that Falcon 9 can lift, which is proof that it doesn’t matter how much a single launch can lift, but HOW MANY launches can be done.”

At 150 billion and 4 billion dollars a year to maintain, the ISS is the example NOT to use. If China sends up a wet workshop upper stage (Skylab was a “dry workshop” that with a few more million dollars spent to make it wet would have been larger than the ISS) they will have done it an order of magnitude cheaper than what the NewSpace formula of private companies with small rockets can.

As for the shiny starship..while the Falcon 9 is really a modernized 1961 Saturn I rocket with a 1993 Delta Clipper land back feature and some soviet propellent super-cooling thrown in, the Starship is going to require much more than NASA knock-offs and will never be as cheap as promised (in my opinion). The Concorde and American SST come to mind.

Launchspace Technologies proposes debris mitigation and collection constellations

My opinion on the entire smallsat constellation concept is it never should have been allowed. The way to go was in the opposite direction- up into GEO with large shielded human-crewed platforms. The low-latency gamer addicts would just have to suffer or move to some better internet. The GEO platform was what Arthur C. Clarke envisioned in his classic work, “The Promise of Space.” That would not be possible of course without an over-arching government sponsored project which most NewSpace proponents consider straight-up satanic. Smallsats are straight-up greed. Streaming cat videos from 42,000 pieces of junk is not what was promised.

The best solution to space junk has always been the “laser broom” in a high orbit pushing it down.

SES to provide satellite connectivity for U.S. military ‘internet of things’

“A large group of vendors from across the defense, aerospace and tech industries have been selected so far to compete for up to $950 million worth of individual task orders the Air Force plans to award as it continues to test and develop the ABMS.”

A billion more dollars down the MIC rathole. The problem with this weaponization of Earth orbit is the smart first move in a conflict with the U.S. is for any adversary with launch capability (and that is proliferating also) is to send up as many tungsten pellets as possible at once to destroy everything in orbit. The force that has trained to fight without overhead assets and communications will have a tremendous advantage.

Unfortunately this would likely lead to a far higher likelihood of nuclear weapons being launched. With everybody launching everything they have in the blind, civilization would take a hit that would result in a breakdown of a very fragile global infrastructure- with billions dying of starvation and radiation poisoning. A new dark age with cannibal armies roaming the Earth. Ever seen the movie “The Road”?

But the billion dollars for the ABMS is worth the risk.

FCC Chairman Ajit Pai to leave agency in January

I can dream Biden will appoint someone to kill the smallsat constellation concept before it turns Earth orbit into a strip-mined nightmare of space junk. But…sadly, that disaster is probably going to happen no matter what considering the past Obama/Biden support of spacex. No win. Glad anyone having to do with Trump is leaving (except Bridenstine, I wish he would reconsider staying on) but I am not a supporter of LEO broadband.

I tend to look at the range of possible designs for reusable launchers going from variations of the Chrysler SERV to the SLS-as-what-the-shuttle-should-have-been. What I mean by that is the Shuttle would likely still be flying and continue to fly decades into the future (like the R-7/Soyuz) if a few critical details in the design had been different. But we went cheap and…there is no cheap.

The main feature of the Shuttle was the ET as the only expendable component and main structure for the rest of the stack to mount to. This was really the best idea in the Space Transportation System. Due to the rocket equation the expending of second stage hydrogen/oxygen tank structure while reusing as much else as possible works out well to maximize payload. Akin to fighter planes using a drop tank. The second excellent feature was the two boosters being ocean recovered. But that was pretty much where the good features ended and the bad features guaranteeing the Shuttle would fail began.

Liquid boosters instead of SRB’s would have been recovered and taken back to be inspected and readied for the next launch instead of broken down into segments, railed back to Utah, reloaded with propellent, railed back to site, and then reassembled. The limited diameter due to rail transport ended up limiting power and the payload of the STS- and all this was key to what guaranteed the Shuttle would fail.

The second worst feature of the Shuttle was mounting the SSME’s on the Orbiter. This necessitated the side-mounting and the Orbiter itself meant most of the payload of a Saturn V class launcher was wasted lifting a 737 size glider a couple hundred miles up so it could come right back down. And the heat tiles ended up being a tremendous eater of man-hours and expense. By having an engine module at the bottom of the ET that returned separately for reuse the STS could have placed the payload, any payload, on top of the stack. And this version of the Shuttle would have looked much like the SLS.

The Chrysler SERV (like the Kankoh Maru) was the other more radical concept and is very interesting. I think putting a 260 inch solid rocket booster in the center of it and dropping it out of the bottom after use, and a couple other features changed, would have resulted in a practical launch vehicle with nothing being expended. Which is of course what everyone seems to think is the main point. I am more about bowing to the reality of the rocket equation and expending that core/second stage tankage if that results in more lift. That large gain in payload by expending at least a fuel tank is what I think John Shannon was expressing when he said “reusability is a myth.” This is actually an improvement on the benchmark Falcon which not only expends the tankage but also the engine. It was a sad day when they killed Sidemount…we might be back on the Moon by now.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/…

I believe future iterations of the SLS can be that best-possible-shuttle and are the best way to go.

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Climate Change is the single most critical issue facing civilization and the only way to provide the energy for a western standard of living to everyone on Earth is Space Solar Power. The Moon is the carbon-free factory to build the Space Solar Power Satellites and the only solution to Climate Change. Entrepreneurs are not going to make it happen- only a state sponsored program, a Green New Space Deal is going to succeed.

Bob Mahoney· Your first sentence is perhaps the most unscientific statement made in these pages in a long time. Its decided absolutism (across four lobes of inquiry, even!) rivals (if not exceeds) quite a bit of badly considered religious dogma. Your second and third sentences aren’t much better in this regard.

Wow. It is breathtaking (in a tragic way) to witness such confidence in conclusive prognostication. The advice parents are wont to offer their teenage children when the kids offer up similarly toned absolute declarations comes to mind: “You should move out now while you know everything.”

Richard Seaton· It is the single most critical issue. A western standard of living requires a great deal of energy and for 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100 there really is only one way to do it. Really. Entrepreneurs are not going to spend trillions on a half century long project to essentially give free electricity to most of the world’s poor. So…your denial of reality is breathtaking.

Bob Mahoney· 1st post:
Single most […] issue facing [implied: all] civilization.
Only way.
for a [implied: required] western standard of living to everyone on Earth.
only solution.
only a state-sponsored Green New Space Deal is going to succeed.

2nd post/reply:
is the single most.
[implied: required] western standard of living
Only one way.

I’ll concede that you are consistent. But you seemingly missed my single most critical only point.

Richard Seaton· I explained it and you are obviously not going to acknowledge that building powerplants, factories to build wind turbines, solar cells, all of that infrastructure on Earth, cannot keep pace with the demand for a western standard of living without producing more carbon and greenhouse gases. Antennae fields, on the other hand, are not significant producers and factories on the Moon are not going to affect Earth. See how that works? It is the only way. You can mock and condescend but you cannot change the reality that is climate change.

Dick Eagleson· Well, at least you’re consistent. Your farcical prophecies about the size of the world’s population 80 years hence is as delusional as all the scaremongering about alleged rises in global average temperature and sea level made by your fellow Warm Doomists for the same interval.

Marcel· The Earth’s oceans contain about 4 billion tonnes of uranium, nearly a thousand times the amount of uranium in terrestrial reserves. Marine uranium resources are derived from the oceans interaction with 100 trillion tonnes of uranium within the Earth’s continental crust. So uranium is actually a renewable energy source since uranium can be perpetually mined from seawater– as long as the Earth’s oceans exist.

Plus spent fuel from uranium could be recycled to produce 30 to 60 times more carbon neutral electricity.

And I didn’t even mention the abundant terrestrial reserves of thorium that are more than three times as abundant as terrestrial uranium reserves.

So there is no shortage of carbon neutral energy resources– on Earth. Marcel

Richard Seaton· Chernobyl and Fukushima plus the vast processing and reactor construction infrastructure on Earth you are proposing is a non-starter.

Marcel Williams· Chernobyl, of course, was a facility with no containment structure which is something that Russia and the Ukraine don’t do anymore. All US commercial nuclear reactors have containment structures.

At Fukushima, only one person died of radiation poisoning; I believe the individual actually fell into the reactor.

Unfortunately, the earthquake and tsunami killed about 16,000 people. A dam ruptured in the area, wiping away five homes, killing 8 people.

Nuclear reactors actually require much less material per kilowatt produced than renewable energy and substantially less land area. Nuclear also produces at least 300 times less toxic waste than solar panels per kilowatt produced. But if spent fuel is recycled then they’d produce about 9000 to 18,000 times less toxic waste than solar panels per kilowatt produced. Marcel

Richard Seaton· Unfortunately, your promotion of “safe” nuclear reactors in every country on Earth might be something the nuclear industry wants to see but it is not the solution to climate change. Again, to provide the vast amount of electricity necessary for 11 billion people to enjoy a western standard of living would require tens of thousands of nuclear power plants. From a Smithsonian article: “All told, the nuclear reactors in the U.S. produce more than 2,000 metric tons of radioactive waste a year, according to the DoE—and most of it ends up sitting on-site because there is nowhere else to put it.” Transuranic waste lasts for a thousand years. There are plenty of factoids inferring nuclear waste is not that bad, that it is just a minor problem that quickly diminishes. It is not a minor problem. It is not a safe source of energy and Space Solar Power is the far better option. What people are doing that promote nuclear is distract the public from the correct path identified by Gerard K. O’Neill in the 1970s.

Dick Eagleson· As Marcel correctly notes, recycling of nuclear fuel reduces the mass of so-called “nuclear waste” to trivial levels. The “problem” of “nuclear waste” disposal is entirely one created by the crackbrained U.S. prohibition on recycling such “waste.” That prohibition is a product of the politics of ignorance and fear of which you, and the rest of the American Left, are very much an exponent.

Richard Seaton· Trivializing Chernobyl and Fukushima and calling statistics from The United Nations projecting populations “farcical” is typical of the recent war on the truth. It is all fake news if you don’t like it. The American Left brought an impoverished people out of the great depression with The New Deal, defeated Nazism, and put Americans on the Moon. The recent radical right populism, which your climate denial would indicate you are an exponent of, has caused the needless deaths of at least a hundred thousand.

A Green New Space Deal is the hope of the future and the correct path. Those that scream bloody murder at anything not involving billionaires and their bought dog politicians lowering taxes to nothing and ending all social programs are the great danger.

oldengg· Space solar power is fine for use on satellites and on the Moon. But to transform energetic solar photons to electrons (solar cell) then transform those electrons into less energetic microwave photons (gyrotrons) and then beam those microwave photons down to an antenna farm (that is at least as big in area as the equivalent solar energy farm) and finally transform those microwave photons back into electrons that are fed into the grid only pencils out if there are no competing terrestrial-based electric power suppliers.

Unfortunately for space solar power there are such suppliers (direct solar, wind, nuclear). So O’Neill’s idea amounts to generating electrical power in space where it’s extremely expensive to produce and then trying to sell it at a profit on Earth where electrical power is much less costly to produce.

Richard Seaton· “-if there are no competing terrestrial-based electric power suppliers.”

I will just keep explaining this over and over: Climate change means nothing terrestrial can “compete” with space solar power electric suppliers in terms of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. And that is the critical issue for civilization.

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The defense industry is where 1.2 trillion dollars (it will likely be a trillion and a half) are now being sunk into new ICBMs, stealth bombers, and missile submarines, continuing over the next 30 years. The total lifecycle cost of just the new submarine fleet of 12 boats is estimated at $347 billion. And then there is the Panama Canal, the Hoover Dam, and also the cost of construction of the Interstate Highway System was approximately $114 billion (equivalent to $530 billion in 2019). Just as the interstate is a defense industry adjutant so is energy and of course Climate Change is a huge DOD issue.

No “commercial” entities are going to colonize space anymore than they are going to turn Antarctica into another Eastern Seaboard. The long list of fanboys on this forum are living in an alternate universe only a couple notches down from Trumpworld. Most agree on the main points of NewSpace dogma and in my view it is the worst thing that has ever happened to space exploration. It is a dead end and has set any progress in space back a decade and the damage is accumulating.

Rescuing civilization from the catastrophe that is climate change is eerily like the virus saga we have watched play out these many months. Just as one man is largely responsible for at least a hundred thousand needless deaths it was one man, Charles Koch, who paid for climate change denial and unless that damage is undone it will be several orders of magnitude more than a quarter million who will die.

And there you have it; it was Gerard K. O’Neill that wrote the correct plan to power civilization carbon free and expand humankind into space- not the John Galt/Howard Roark/Tony Stark entrepreneur. He and the rest of the Neoliberals are the problem. They only care about one thing- money. Human life is secondary when it should be first and dictate our actions. Bezos makes alot of noise about following O’Neill but he is, so far, just promising to drain the swamp like someone else did.
I wish Bridenstine was staying on for two reasons- his advocacy of exploiting lunar resources and because he recanted his climate change denial.
The big opportunity now is making Space Solar Power as big a part of The Green New Deal as possible.

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And there is the dead giveaway that nobody is ever going to live on Mars. Due to no air and hard radiation it would be an underground existence. Due to not enough solar energy to power closed loop life support systems these tunnel communities would depend on nuclear power plants. What products will they “sell” to pay for their necessities? It is a joke. Not to mention that Martians would likely never be able to return to Earth after a certain number of years- or if they were born on Mars.

Space colonies, on the other hand, would have 1 gravity and travel to other artificial moons and nearby Earth would be commonplace, eventually with hundreds or thousands or tens of thousands of city sized habitats. The economic engine to start space colonization was envisioned by Gerard K. O’Neill: Space Solar Power. Which also happens to be the only solution to providing the energy for a western standard of living to the population of Earth carbon-free and thus solving climate change.

A Space Solar Power cislunar infrastructure would eventually enable beam-propelled single stage to orbit space-liners to begin decreasing Earth’s population as more and more miles-in-diameter habitats are mass-produced. Until in a few centuries Earth is a sparsely populated pristine “adventure” destination and tens of billions live in space.

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Life would be quite different in a 1 G Sphere compared to Mars. Anybody living on Mars would dream of one thing- living on Earth. Anybody living in a Bernal Sphere would not have to dream, they would be able to visit Earth or any other Sphere easily enough and not travel months- and they would have low or zero gravity immediately available as well as normal gravity. A miles-in-diameter Sphere is an immense volume with a vista that will not induce claustrophobia. Mars would not be that way. Mars also has a deep gravity well; too much gravity to make landing or escaping easy and not enough to keep humans healthy. Why go? The resources can be had from the Moon or transited from icy bodies. Granted those icy bodies are farther out than Mars but lifting volatiles out of the Martian gravity well is a spectacular expense in comparison.

This was all researched in-depth in the 70’s by O’Neill and his students. I profoundly disagree with the NewSpace dogma that Mars is the second home of humankind. While I am criticized for maintaining this strong stance…it is a matter of wasting time and resources on what I believe is the wrong path. When I am told to not be so hardline I have to ask them the same thing.

This one was just too good to pass up. I thought I was going back to writing about space but just one last goodbye…please.

https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/remnants-of-ancient-subsurface-ocean-observed-on-ceres/

“Mission scientists determined the deposits originated in a deep, global underground ocean of salty water. Based on Ceres’s gravity, they analyzed its internal structure and concluded its subsurface ocean is several hundred miles wide and around 25 miles (40 km) deep.”

“Oceans should be common features of dwarf planets based on what New Horizons learned at Pluto and Dawn at Ceres,” Dawn project scientist Julie Castillo-Rogez of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said in an interview with Astronomy magazine.”

It is being inferred that Bush did not have a smooth transition due to the troubled election. And that this contributed to 911. Now we have Trump making this scenario happen again except it will be much worse.

I dearly wanted to stop writing about politics and return to space exploration and life extension. Not quite yet I guess.

It was shocking to me and many others how many voted for Trump. This means 4 years from now will be the most dangerous election in U.S. history. Trump was incompetent and incapable of really converting the government into a dictatorship. The next time we will not be so lucky.

Interesting how this is being framed in terms of race and communism. The reality is those with white grievance and those in minority groups don’t realize they are on the same side and it is the one percent who have everything they want redistributed. So the entire issue is a concealed inequality that is kept misunderstood and misrepresented by monied interests. The truth is exactly what Trumpism works to destroy first of all as the primary tactic.

I strongly believe the way forward is to explain it to the public; start with what Imbedded Liberalism and Neoliberalism are.

https://theweek.com/articles/947244/final-election-prediction-reality-wins

I want the last four years of crazy to end so I can go back to writing about space and life extension.

https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2020-election-forecast/?cid=rrpromo

As of 1634 hours Arizona time it is looking good.

We may win it all…the house, senate, and presidency.

Almost there and hopefully no storm is coming.

I am hoping and praying Trump loses and we can start repairing the damage done by a half a century of Neoliberalism next year. My experience over the last four years with my coworkers, who are with only one or two exceptions, all conservative, has not been encouraging. I have tried to explain the history of our country and just get blank stares as the propaganda instilled into their being over the last couple decades or longer kicks in and blocks whatever I am saying. Like a brick wall.

I call the primary block “The Red Block” and it is the technique of equating anything characterized as “free” as being “communist.” The secondary block is “The White Block” and it is about appealing to whatever prejudice has been instilled into individuals from their childhood. The general purpose block is “The Blue Block” and plays on the anxieties most of us feel over our financial insecurity. The ways I relate these terms have to do with the “Red” in the Red Block as blood spilled in violent tribalism and this also connects with nationalism and other aspects of human nature. The “White” in the White Block is the blank piece of paper our minds are when we are children and how what we are taught in our early childhood is extremely hard to change later on. And last the “Blue” in the Blue Block is about blue blood showing in the arms of those who stay out of the sun and do not engage in manual labor. The hereditary rich in most cases.

My allusion to the flag is due to the conservative hijacking of all things patriotic.

Why the U.S. Flag is Red, White and Blue

“Heraldic devices such as seals have specific meanings for each element and color, and the U.S. Seal was no exception. Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, explained the significance to Congress when he presented the seal. “The colors,” Thomson said at the time, “are those used in the flag of the United States of America. White signifies purity and innocence. Red, hardiness & valour, and Blue… signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice.” Mike Buss, a flag expert with the American Legion, says that the most obvious reason for the flag’s colors is that they were simply taken from our mother country’s flag — the Union Jack of England. “For us veterans, the flag represents why we served,” Buss says. “We were there because the flag represented our freedoms — freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion.”

That was the 1st Amendment, how about the second?

https://www.livescience.com/26485-second-amendment.html

“He wants to criminalize the news of the day if it is not flattering to him.”