Cults
I have to put this article about space after the video about politics because both feature different cults: The Cult of Trump and The Cult of Musk. With not too much difference between the two.
This idea that there are givers and takers, that people who are not white are the takers…is fundamental to many, if not the majority, of conservatives. Likewise, this idea that government, specifically the Space Agency, are also takers and only the only-for-profit NewSpace semi-divine “entrepreneurs” are not stealing is fundamental to that ideology. It is no coincidence that the majority of Musk supporters are also rabid Trumpists.
Redistribution of Wealth is Key
Everything we are seeing cause division and conflict in our society can be traced back to one issue. It is about…taxes. How much must be paid? Everyone wants to be rich, to be the richest, to be the king of the world. The communists saw all money as a function of property, of land and what was on the land. The fascists saw all money as an adjunct function of race, of the people living on the land. The capitalist simply sees money and what new money can be created from what exists. The Neoliberal however, not only sees money as the god of this world, but believes it is the only and absolute god. There is no other concern, not truth, not justice, not human life; nothing has any meaning except wealth. And anything is allowed in pursuit of wealth. Nothing is forbidden.
Existence can be framed with perhaps three questions that need to be answered. Can we defeat death? Can we defeat our own animal instincts? And can we determine an equitable tax rate? The third seems mundane and too practical compared to the first two but in truth the issue being determined is most ancient and weighty as it is really the concept of sacrifice being addressed. Our lives are made up of discrete and finite moments and each can be assigned a dollar value in terms of what kind of world we live in. We sacrifice those moments, we sacrifice our lives, in pursuit of our bread and happiness by way of that magic called money and this balance can be for many a hell on Earth. In a Neoliberal paradise where the rich live in gated communities and the poor starve and die in the gutter, money is indeed a god-like power gifting any who wield it with a comparative heaven.
In a representative democracy using imbedded liberalism as the operating economic principle it is not money that matters most, it is how much of it you get to keep. And in a functioning democracy the tax rate is decided by the people. I have never failed to inspired shock and outrage in conservatives by informing them the only reason they have anything is because the rest of us let them have it. In a society featuring extreme inequality democracy is an impossibility because those living in poverty would vote to redistribute the excessive wealth of the few to the benefit of the many. If these words are disturbing to most people it is because the majority in America now live as brain-washed consumers, essentially wage slaves, with mountains of debt.
The Fascists are creeping in to cause chaos and bring about the race war they have dreamed about for generations. The rich will find themselves in the same situation the one percent of Germans did that went along with it…they will be eaten as well.
The Biggest Obstacle
The Green New Deal is on the way, but it has enemies working hard to keep it from ever arriving. Believe it.
Starlink likely to FAIL?
Spacenews posted on the recent Falcon 9 loss and Starlink problems:
“In a recent white paper, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association and National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative (NRTC) argued that the FCC should closely scrutinize SpaceX’s plans to provide broadband internet service via satellite. Those groups say bids by rural cooperatives for RDOF funding to provide broadband service were shut out by both SpaceX as well as fixed wireless networks.
“While delivering broadband service at the speeds promised by these applicants may appear to be viable, this service is currently in beta testing and commercially available on a limited basis in extremely limited areas, and questions remain,” the paper states. “Awarding bids to experimental and unproven LEO satellite service is a direct contradiction” to the rules of the RDOF program, it argued.
“I’m really struggling on the physics and economics” of satellite broadband, said Tim Bryan, chief executive of the NRTC, in a Feb. 4 call with reporters. He claimed there were “anecdotal reports” of people who signed up for Starlink beta but were having problems getting connections any faster than four megabits per second, but didn’t elaborate.
“Starlink’s performance is not theoretical or experimental,” SpaceX noted in its Feb. 3 FCC filing. The company said it had already demonstrated it could meet or exceed key performance tiers, including 100 megabits per second of data to customers and 20 megabits per second of data from them, as well latencies of 31 milliseconds or less.
Bryan said his group’s issue was how Starlink could scale up to serve larger numbers of customers. “My concern is mostly around the capacity not of one or two users, but what happens when you get to 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 thousand users,” he said.
“I have no doubt that the Starlink constellation could be successful in some areas, and in some cases, providing coverage over areas like the deep blue seas and those sorts of places,” he said. “I struggle to see how it’s going to reliably deliver 100-megabit service to the literally hundreds and thousands of customers in the census block groups that it bid for.”
And…recent comments on Parabolic Arc:
I have kept an eye on propulsion systems over the years and the only likely way we will see SSTO vehicles carrying large payloads into space is with Beam Propulsion. Ground arrays providing a kind of energy first stage and GEO station beaming providing the second. Since the vehicle is not discarding any stages it would still be SSTO. The interesting feature is these beam-riding vehicles will probably be very large in diameter, due to beam spreading. How large? Not sure. This is akin to Nuclear Pulse Propulsion where the larger the spaceship’s sail or plate, the more efficient it becomes, as a bomb uses a certain amount of fissile material whether it is large or small.
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https://www.businessinsider…
It is going to be a mess; upwards of a hundred thousand of these smallsats in different constellations with thousands of dead ones hitting live ones making more dead ones as new ones are launched to replace the dead ones.
It never should have been allowed, pandering blatantly to un-needed convenience. Pure greed
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You already dug your hole in the ground. I am sure you are happy.
You should really contact someone who is not a toxic creep and get their opinion on your years of harassing me and denying I have any right to any opinion other than the NewSpace dogma you embrace.
You are angry because what I wrote makes too much sense. You seem to be all about some kind of Ayn-Rand-in-Space Cult that satisfies a craving to be part of something.
In the context of this Cult following of NewSpace ideology and entrepreneurs it is just simple marketing propaganda and false advertising to portray a couple hundred miles up as some new space frontier where heroes go to make history.
It is not.
What is bizarre is alongside this P.R. hype is calling the Moon a nothing-burger because “we’ve been there”…because some entrepreneur donor’s rocket cannot go there.
50 miles up is defined as “space”, 62 miles up is also defined as “space”, yet nothing can even orbit at those altitudes. It cannot be defined as “Earth Orbit” yet it is called “space.” And the billionaires are lining up for their faux astronaut wings. I have no problem with non-tourists engaging in Orbital flight being called “Astronauts.” Even though that is defined as a person trained to fly in a spacecraft. A spacecraft does not necessarily fly in space if that is defined as something other than LEO; It is flying in orbit, engaging in Orbital Flight.
Earth Orbit or Orbital Flight are the appropriate accompanying terms for LEO. Space Flight should correctly be defined as travel at or above 22,236 miles up. Why? Simple. At that altitude an object hovers over a spot on the Earth. It is the only really clear demarcation. Any object, even in a highly elliptical orbit that only briefly reaches that altitude above the surface of the Earth, has achieved “Space Flight” because it crossed into “Space.” See how that works?
In my view, Space Flight is not a big deal, Human Space Flight (HSF) is.
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A black hole starship would get people there in a year or so (ship time). Accelerate a sleeper ship out of the solar system with beam propulsion at 10 percent of light speed and that would take about 4000 years. 40 centuries is a little long, even if you are frozen, so it looks like it will be a century and likely a couple, before we have enough solar power assets in space to generate the immense energies needed to manufacture small singularity engines. My view of humankind expanding into the solar system and then the galaxy would be these black hole starships (if the concept works) first catching up to the much slower “sleeper ships” already launched and possibly waking the crews up for a much faster voyage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wi…
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“If there’s one thing we know, it’s that landing on Mars is never easy,” said NASA Associate Administrator for Communications Marc Etkind.”
The Moon should be the focus, where all the funding should go for the immediate future. Once we establish a presence there producing hardware, then we can go exploring. Mars is not a good destination. Ceres and the ocean moons of the gas and ice giants are the future.
Mars is a dead end.
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Actually, not being able to identify that single path to success is a dead giveaway of a very small mind. I am not claiming to be the one identifying that path- it was Stanislaw Ulam, an Einstein-level genius that stated Nuclear Pulse Propulsion was his greatest work. And Freeman Dyson, another bona-fide genius, validated the original design, and a short list of luminaries, including Wernher von Braun, Carl Sagan (an anti-nuclear activist) and Arthur C. Clarke endorsed the concept.
You don’t have a clue.
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The “Nuclear Salt Water Rocket” is…an extremely bad design.
You guess you are “screwed” because of a piece of paper that only requires the superpowers to amend. Ridiculous. Especially considering it is a simple matter of transporting the bomb pits on a human-rated vehicle with an escape system and packaging them to survive as much as practical a launch anomaly. Transporting them directly to the vicinity of the Moon outside the Earth’s magnetosphere, then assembling, testing, and launching nuclear missions there would satisfy amended conditions of the treaty. Such spaceships would be perfectly capable of using their “pulse units” (bombs) to deflect impact threats and this by itself would justify the treaty being rewritten.
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My view is different from yours obviously. For the mountain of money they want to pour into this they will get the Isp of about twice that of a chemical rocket- from a reaction a million times more powerful.
Stan Ulam realized that it is hard enough keeping a chemical engine from melting so he thought outside the box, and in fact threw the box away. Nuclear Pulse is like a external combustion engine: the directed nuclear energy device projects a cloud of hi-speed incandescent plasma at the plate. Like the piston in an engine it is pushed with extreme force momentarily but not long enough to melt the face of the piston.
It is akin to a jet catapulted off the deck of an aircraft carrier except it is the aircraft carrier being catapulted. This is no exaggeration as the main problem is the power of a nuclear pulse device means what is being pushed would have to mass in the millions of tons for the system to be as efficient as possible. The amount of fissile material used in a small kiloton range bomb is about the same as used in a megaton range bomb. Nuclear weapons are actually designed to have limited power because after about a hundred kilotons most of the energy is going up and just blowing a hole in the atmosphere. See how that works?
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Well…the benefits of crashing instead of landing are not so manifold. It has been theorized that 5 to 10 landings are needed to break even (spacex is not saying). Because it has so many engines and such a small payload I would go with the 10 landings to break even. If the F9 is blowing up or crashing after a lower number of flights on average then the other stages have to make up for that quickly pushing the number of flights needed much higher. They are rocket engines and it is a lightweight highly stressed airframe so the maintenance requirements likely go way up after a certain number of flights increasing the number of flights to make up for that even more. I do not believe any of them have landed 10 times yet. See how that works?
What is needed is a much larger vehicle with much fewer engines…and I am not talking about the shiny starship which is just another version of the space shuttle and has far too many engines in the first stage.
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LEO, like Mars, is really a dead end and needs to be abandoned.
Human habitats in space, to include Space Stations, Lunar Cyclers, and Spaceships, require a massive Cosmic Ray Water Shield and a Tether Generated Artificial Gravity system.
The best way to provide these crew compartments is the wet workshop, and a development of the wet workshop- the “fat workshop.”
The fat workshop is a double-hulled Super Heavy Lift Vehicle propellant stage that facilitates a 14 foot thick outer water-filled cosmic ray shield envelope.
A really large upper stage workshop is not going to happen without future iterations of the SLS that can lift 150 tons or more into orbit. The thousand+ tons of water needed to fill the outer envelope of a fat workshop is going to have to come from the Moon, where water derived from lunar ice can be lifted into space with 20 to 25 times less energy than from Earth.
The place for a space station is not LEO, it is GEO, and the radiation environment there requires a cosmic ray water shield. Along with SHLV’s carrying fat workshops a semi-expendable robot lander that can harvest ice and shuttle water up to workshops in Low Lunar Orbit will be required.
The logical progression is: 1. The SHLV, then 2. the fat workshops with tether generated artificial gravity, then 3. the semi-expendable robot lunar landers, which can also act as boosters when docked to stations or cyclers, then 4. when filled with water, boosting the stations as Lunar Cyclers and transiting others across the cislunar sea as GEO space stations, and 5. when Space Stations and Lunar Cycler fleets are complete, assembling, testing, and launching the first nuclear propelled Spaceships to the outer solar system.
And of course, none of this is going to happen with private companies and entrepreneurs.
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I am not going to do as you order and “get on twitter” you idiot. Not preaching, not enlightening, not explaining, not doing anything except sharing my views on a public forum….it is YOU that is mocking and denigrating me.
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The NewSpace dogma that contaminated the public spaces a decade ago has not gone away- Mars as the second home of humankind, the small reusable rocket taking everything up a loaf of bread and a gallon of gas at a time, the fuel depot miracle allowing cheap spacecraft to go anywhere like gassing up your car, the idea that NASA is the problem; everything too expensive and wasting tax dollars- This has all been a disaster for space exploration. And now these smallsat constellations going up in the tens of thousands. The worst feature of it all is the toxic libertarian cyberthugs that have completely hijacked all public discourse. Like Nazi’s beating up people at the polls…it really deserves that card. Disgusting.
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Mr Snarky Answer Richard Seaton •
I more than tolerate, I enjoy watching you double down and lose. Upside to Spudis’ departure is your free agency•Reply•Share ›
So there is this thing they do…they mention Dr. Spudis dying when they really want to antagonize. Shameless anonymous cyberthugs. Disgusting.
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Well over fifty percent
What the Far-Right Fascination With Pinochet Should Tell Us (theintercept.com)
The Father of all lies, the first lie that leads to all other lies, is that taxes are theft. The one percent have spent untold millions creating the myth that all taxation is stealing and that wealth must trickle down for prosperity to happen. This “Voodoo” leads immediately into red-baiting, that any redistribution of wealth is communism- and this then leads into religious arguments that communism is satanic and the real goal is atheism. The second great lie of the 21st century is that climate change is somehow a vast hoax perpetrated by a left-wing globalist cabal. This anti-science cancer of the mind was paid for in large part by the Koch brothers. And the third great lie, the most terrible and destructive lie of all, is that the media is all fake news and the enemy of the people, which has been called “Post-truth politics.” Voodoo, anti-science, and lies.
The most meaningful passage for me in the bible, the one that informs my faith like no other, is when Pilate asks Jesus, “What is truth?” When the very concept of truth, not as a spiritual matter but as practical reality, is destroyed, then insane totalitarian genocidal regimes are soon to follow. America, and by extension, the world, is in great danger. Right now.
A Green New Deal, and hopefully a Green New Space Deal, is becoming less and less likely. The vision of Gerard K. O’Neill, that space solar power would end poverty on Earth and be the economic engine of space colonization- and insurance for the human species against extinction, is the narrow path to salvation.
And…my most recent comment concerning NASA’s HRP https://www.nasa.gov/hrp : The ONLY thing that is going enable humans to live and work in space is a Near Sea Level Radiation 1 Gravity environment (NSLR1G). Humans will not live and work in large numbers in an environment that causes permanent damage…period. The solution to dosing and debilitation is a massive cosmic ray water shield in the 400 ton range for a small capsule and well over a kiloton for any practical working space- and a tether generated artificial gravity system. The water shield and tether system is going to be a feature of Space Stations, Lunar Cyclers, and Spaceships or there just won’t be any Human Space Flight Beyond Earth Orbit (HSF-BEO).
Bombs or wait 50 years?
“Work is about to start” on “fusion rockets”…when we could have spaceships, true spaceships, exploring that first icy body in our system closest to Earth (Ceres) in a relatively short Apollo-program time frame. A “Medusa” spaceship could be lofted into polar orbit in 100 ton modules that would dock with each other and in the right orbit could possibly light off their “pulse units” (bombs) without any or a very small amount of byproducts entering Earth’s magnetosphere. If each H-bomb can impart 100 mph then 1000 bombs can provide 100,000 mph. Using this figure for travels to icy bodies in the outer system a rough one way travel time can be estimated. I did some very rough guesses of travel times several years ago in the blog entry titled “Interplanetary Missions.” One thousand bombs might provoke automatic naysaying but a Trident missile can carry 14 warheads and an Ohio class submarine can carry 24 missiles with 336 warheads on board. Since the “bus” that carries the warhead is only the nose section of a missile, a dozen or more carousel type platforms (a ten warhead Peacekeeper missile carousel is shown below) could all be stacked in just one of the four launch tubes shown. The four launch tube construct shown could carry over 400 warheads in stacked carousels as described and gives a good idea of the scale needed for pulse unit storage on interplanetary missions.
1000 bombs will get you out there but to stop anywhere requires another thousand. To come back to Earth requires another couple thousand to accelerate and then slow down again totaling approximately four thousand bombs, though this number can be lowered using different techniques. For missions to the gas or ice giants using gravity assist and the atmospheres of these bodies to slow down it might be possible to decrease the number of bombs to around 2000 and still maintain a high speed/low transit time. The “slugs” used to generate the cloud of plasma the bombs use to push the spaceship could also be derived from icy bodies and this would save mass. The cosmic ray water shield could also be utilized as a source for slug mass and this would restrict the crew space or likely dose the crew for a short period till the shield could be replaced with the water derived from the destination icy body.
The key feature of Nuclear Pulse Propulsion is the larger the plate (in a “hard” system like Orion) or spinnaker (in a “soft” system like Medusa) the more efficient the pulse units become. Extremely large spaceships on a scale we are simply not used to thinking about are far more efficient. It is akin to comparing airliners and container ships with the container ships going fast and the airliners slow. Until we have an industrial infrastructure on the Moon that can manufacture plates close to a thousand feet across we will be wasting fissile material. However the waste would be justified for initial exploration missions and future fissile material stocks could be replenished with lunar thorium-transuranics or breeder reactors.
Launch points for a nuclear pulse mission must be outside of Earth’s magnetosphere- either cislunar or possibly a super-eccentric Earth polar orbit.
1. Moon 2.380 km/s =4.70 times less escape velocity than Earth
Material can be lifted from the Moon into space using 23 to 25 times less energy than from Earth. For every hundred pounds sent into space from Earth over a ton can be lofted from the Moon. Since a true spaceship will require well over a thousand tons of water shielding for a small crew, the ice on the Moon is the place to acquire that shielding derived from lunar ice. Eventually the massive engine plates needed for super-efficient pulse drives will be manufactured on the Moon.
2. Ceres 0.510 km/s approximate travel time 140 days/4.6 months 
Jupiter system 235 days/7.7 months
3. Ganymede 2.741 km/s
4. Europa 2.025 km/s
5. Callisto 2.440 km/s (outside of Jupiter’s radiation belts)
Saturnian system 424 days/14 months (1 year 2 months)
6. Mimas 0.159 km/s
7. Iapetus 0.573 km/s
8. Titan 2.639 km/s
9. Rhea 0.635 km/s
10.Dione 0.510 km/s
11.Tethys 0.394 km/s
12.Enceladus 0.239 km/s
Uranian system 777 days/26 months (2 years 2 months)
13.Miranda 0.193 km/s
14.Ariel 0.558 km/s
15.Umbriel 0.520 km/s
16.Titania 0.773 km/s
17.Oberon 0.726 km/s
Neptunian system 1190 days/40 months (3 years 4 months)
18.Triton 1.455 km/s (around a 7 year mission to visit my favorite moon round-trip)
Plutonian system
Pluto is presently relatively close to Neptune’s orbit but is moving away from us and may be up to 5 billion miles away or farther before any mission is underway:
297 weeks/70 months (5 years 8 months)
19.Pluto 1.229 km/s
20.Charon 0.580 km/s
Most of my past comments on “The Space Review”, did not make it past the moderator, and I was recently banned for my criticism of NewSpace. Here are my edited original and follow-on comments:
I would speculate 100,000 miles per hour is the target speed for a unshielded spacecraft to take people to Mars. That would expose them to dosing and debilitation for only a couple months there and a couple months on the way back. The energy required to get the craft going that fast, then slowing down, then speeding back up, and finally slowing down minus a practical reentry speed, can be calculated and then evaluated using an Isp number. To go that fast is going to require nuclear energy as chemicals are almost useless. Nuclear Thermal Rockets only have an Isp about twice that of chemicals. That only leaves one practical propulsion system available right now with the least amount of development needed…and it is the one that seems to be verboten to even mention. I would add my firm belief that Mars, like LEO, is a dead end, and unshielded spacecraft are also a non-starter except for very short missions, such as intercepting Lunar Cyclers.
It is a binary problem of dosing AND debilitation. Concerning dosing I consider the basic popular science guide to be Eugene Parkers article in Scientific American, “Shielding Space Travelers.” Concerning debilitation I believe Gerard K. O’Neill’s classic book, “The High Frontier”, makes clear that Mars is not the place to go to live simply because humans evolved in one gravity. Just as our DNA will not tolerate cosmic radiation levels much beyond those found on Earth I also believe we will not thrive in lower gravities. Even if much lower gravity does not seriously debilitate, like microgravity, growing up in lower gravity will likely mean never being able to visit Earth.
The best path is to provide a Near Sea Level Radiation 1 Gravity environment (NSLR1G). This all falls in line when considering the massive shielding required, a tether-generated artificial gravity (TGAG) system being the only practical solution, and some form of nuclear propulsion being the only way to push such multi-thousand ton true spaceships around the solar system.
It is actually about taxes
Everything about how the world works became much clearer after I read a book last year called “Democracy in Chains.” The author did a great job and she wrote on a dense and complicated subject in a way I, just an average person, understood quite well. The central focus of the book was, in my view, taxes.
From other readings I have come to understand that taxes are what make a state function. This is an inescapable fact those of the libertarian persuasion refuse to accept. And it is greed that blinds them and leads them down a path that results in nothing but ruin and anarchy for everyone. Almost everything that has gone wrong in America, and by extension, the world, has to do with the rich avoiding taxes.
If Fascism was replaced by Neoliberalism then Communism was replaced by Oligarchs. The two go together as Neoliberalism is an ideology and Oligarchy is the practice of that ideology. America is presently fighting a form of Fascism called Trumpism that is a response to Neoliberalism. Across the spectrum the Neoliberals want to be Oligarchs and are using the Trumpist dream of a Fascist America, who call any opposing them Communists. It is a strange brew whose main ingredient is the destruction of truth and this era has, in fact, been named, “Post-truth: Post-truth is a philosophical and political concept for “the disappearance of shared objective standards for truth”[1] and the “circuitous slippage between facts or alt-facts, knowledge, opinion, belief, and truth”.[2] Post-truth discourse is often contrasted with the forms taken by scientific methods and inquiry.[3] The term garnered widespread popularity, in the form of “post-truth politics“, in the period around the 2016 United States presidential election and the Brexit referendum. It was named Word of the Year in 2016 by the Oxford Dictionary where it is defined as “Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief”.[4][5]
And that…is the truth. They (Republicans) have calculated quite carefully that Trumps rabid base is the key to them staying in power for life and becoming rich with no apparent risk for trying to do so….so why not try? They would be stupid not to try. That is what they are. And if we let them we deserve it. They believe that. If enough democrats do not understand the danger America faces over the next 4 years and work to vote them out the Trumpists could destroy this nation. “History doesn’t repeat itself, but It often rhymes” – Mark Twain. The parallels with Fascism in Europe are obvious.
Solar Power, maybe from space
The Green New Deal is not frequently being addressed by that term due to a great deal of propaganda that has had the effect of programming many Americans to dismiss any notion that our planet is getting hotter. The above video highlights the kind of bought dog politician that represents fossil fuel interests. A Green New Space Deal that makes the ultimate solution of powering civilization carbon-free from space the goal- is thus even farther away.
Join Me
Only one technology is missing to allow actual star travel: revivable cryopreservation. When we can freeze people without damage and revive them decades later then centuries long voyages to other star systems become possible (and desirable as an insurance policy for our species). Accelerated out of the solar system by beam propulsion to some percentage of the speed of light the starship would arrive hundreds of years later in some nearby system and likely used nuclear pulse devices in combination with other techniques to slow back down. Since humans have radioactive particles present in their bodies causing damage and some damage from outside radiation occurs even in a massively shielded environment, the passengers would likely be revived after a certain period, perhaps a decade or two, for a short period, perhaps a few months, to repair the damage to their DNA.
There are processes that use different techniques to prevent ice crystal formation during freezing and this is the major problem with cryopreservation so it is not the technical challenge that is widely assumed. Interestingly, the societal disruption from such a discovery would change the nature of human life profoundly and be the most significant event in human history. Some monkey or dog is revived without damage after being frozen in a lab one day, maybe tomorrow, and the world would suddenly change. Nobody would allow their loved ones to die when they could be frozen until the technology to reverse aging becomes available. It would immediately become “The Great Rescue” as the world mobilized to save those close to death. As soon as the race was over and the pipeline into cold storage was created would come “The Great Race” to reverse aging. As hundreds of thousands, and within a few years, tens of millions are placed in storage, vast resources would be focused on reversing aging. And when that problem was solved next would come star travel.
This is the bright future that initially attracted me to space travel: the only practical way to send people to another star is by way of suspended animation. And that technology would profoundly change humankind simply because we love others and will not let them die.
So I am looking for others who might like to join me in popularizing and promoting this path. Please comment as I have reopened the comments section.
Ice on the Moon 